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Thursday, June 11, 2026

Moral Behavior and Doing the Right Thing in the Context of the Allegory of the Clan

(Illustrative Only)

An old philosopher
that has travelled these 
paths before tries
to teach people about
the root nature of society
and the importance of 
shared values. He points
to a path.

In the Allegory of the Clan everyone
must make their own choice
and such choices lead
to the collective understanding
and collective gain or decline
as a people. 

Doing the right thing is not always easy. There will always be competing opinions, perspectives, and interpretations because life is often shaped by subjective experiences. Yet, despite our differences, our collective existence depends on cooperation. As a society, we define cooperative behavior through our social contracts, our communities, our institutions, our Constitution, and the shared values that bind us together. A reason why indivisibility is a key part of what we believe.

Ideally, our laws, rules, and institutions should be aligned with these higher principles. They exist not only to maintain order but also to protect individuals, promote fairness, and support the common good. However, history reminds us that bad actors exist within every system. When individuals misuse positions of authority, manipulate institutions, or exploit public resources for personal gain, they can warp the very systems designed to serve society. In our learning story the courts openly violated some of our most important values in order to foster second class citizen status through victim dumping and blaming.  A problem that continues to bubble up in society. No moral regret, no legal recourse, and little concern of the health of the institution or society. 

This is where the "Story of the Clan" thought experiment comes into play. Loosely modeled after the Allegory of the Cave, it invites us to examine our assumptions, challenge our biases, and gain deeper insight into human behavior and the purpose of society itself. The more you explore, the more you learn, and the greater enlightenment.

In this dilemma, a group of nefarious actors misuse systems and taxpayer resources to target individuals they perceive as threats and who they can financially gain off. They spread false rumors, manipulate information, abuse technology, misuse authority, and in some cases even resort to intimidation or violence. Their actions are fueled by prejudice, fear, financial interests, and a desire to maintain power. Over time, they begin to dehumanize their victims, no longer seeing them as fellow human beings deserving of dignity and respect. They encourage others within their cultic and often corrupted networks to also dehumanize others.

The victims, however, face a choice. They can respond in kind, or they can choose a different path.

In this thought experiment, they choose to do the right thing.

They understand that more is at stake than their own circumstances. They recognize that other victims may exist and that protecting the integrity of institutions matters for everyone. Evening if some of the decision makers in those institutions don't understand that. The victims (and future victims) understand the importance of preserving the social contracts upon which communities depend. Even when those who should uphold these values fail to act, the victims continue to stand for what they believe is right.

Whether they ultimately "win" is open to interpretation.

If society benefits, if institutions improve, if future victims are protected, and if justice eventually prevails, then perhaps they have won in a meaningful sense. If hatred, corruption, and the misuse of systems become normalized, then society itself loses. The question of who wins and who loses is often less important than the lessons we learn along the way. Yet focusing on a wider stakeholder and the next generation can help anchor our choices.

The purpose of this thought experiment is not to persuade anyone toward a particular conclusion. Rather, it is intended to encourage deeper reflection about leadership, ethics, and public trust. It challenges us to consider the importance of placing capable, principled individuals in positions of authority—not simply the most connected, the loudest, or the most ideologically extreme.

Every day, society depends upon ordinary people doing the right thing. It depends on ethical public servants, responsible leaders, honest workers, and engaged citizens. Most people contribute positively to the communities around them. Yet there will always be some who are unwilling or unable to uphold those same standards, often because they have rationalized behaviors that conflict with the values they publicly claim to support.

Whether in business, government, education, or community life, ethical behavior matters. When individuals act with integrity, they strengthen trust. Trust strengthens institutions. Strong institutions encourage participation, investment, cooperation, and innovation. In turn, these outcomes contribute to both economic and social development.

This is why human capital, institutional integrity, and shared values remain central to long-term success. These concepts may not always fit neatly into political slogans, fundraising campaigns, or social media soundbites, but they remain essential truths. A healthy society ultimately depends on the willingness of its people to uphold principles that transcend individual interests and contribute to the greater good.

While cultures may differ and opinions may vary, certain values—honesty, fairness, accountability, dignity, and respect for others—have enduring importance. They are the foundation upon which trust is built, communities flourish, and societies endure.

*The Allegory of the Clan is a philosophical learning story for pontification. Come to any conclusion you desire. 

This article seemed a little interesting and at least in part related.

Do the Right Thing: Experimental Evidence That Preferences for Moral Behavior, Rather Than Equity or Efficiency Per Se, Drive Human Prosociality

• The study examined whether prosocial behavior is driven primarily by concerns for fairness (equity), social welfare (efficiency), or a broader desire to act in ways perceived as morally right.

• Researchers used a “Trade-Off Game” in which participants chose between equitable and efficient outcomes. Simply framing one option as the morally correct choice significantly influenced decisions.

• The moral framing effect was so strong that it reversed the relationship between participants’ choices in the Trade-Off Game and their behavior in other prosocial games, such as the Dictator Game and Prisoner’s Dilemma.

• Across six experiments, individuals who selected the option labeled as morally right were generally more likely to behave generously and cooperatively, regardless of whether that option promoted equality or efficiency.

• The findings suggest that human prosociality is often motivated by a generalized preference for “doing the right thing” rather than by a fixed preference for equal outcomes or maximizing collective welfare.

Capraro, V., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Do the right thing: Experimental evidence that preferences for moral behavior, rather than equity or efficiency per se, drive human prosociality. Journal of Judgment and Decision Making, 13(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500008858

Apocalyptic Acrylic Painting

You may be interested in this painting.

Now, I’m not claiming to be the world’s greatest painter. If there were a World Championship of Painting, I’d probably be working the concession stand rather than standing on the podium. But I paint because I enjoy it, and every once in a while, someone actually buys one and reminds me that art is, in fact, subjective.

In fact, I still have a painting sitting around that someone requested quite some time ago. One of these days I’ll actually deliver it. Recently, I’ve been digging through my collection and cataloging everything. I finally had a little free time to see what I have, organize it, and make sure the paintings are listed. After all, you can’t sell a painting if nobody knows it exists.

And let's be honest—if a painting sits around long enough, its final destination may be an old storage box or, worse yet, a trash bag. This particular painting deserves a better ending than an apocalyptic journey to the landfill.

That’s especially true because a portion of the proceeds goes to charity. I officially donate at least 20%, but in reality I usually end up giving away closer to 50% of what I earn from these side projects. If the painting sells, it helps support something positive, which makes the whole process even more rewarding.

As for the painting itself, it represents an apocalyptic landscape—but not in a hopeless way. At first glance, the scene appears dark, hazy, and barren. The tree looks dead, the landscape resembles a desert, and everything seems to be falling apart.

But look a little closer.

Green vines are growing. The sky still shines through. New life is emerging from what appears to be destruction. The message is simple: what looks like the end is often just a transformation. Nature has a remarkable way of renewing itself, and people can do the same.

So while the painting may have an apocalyptic theme, it’s really about resilience, renewal, and the idea that tomorrow still arrives, even after the darkest days.

If you're interested, you can purchase it through eBay or send payment directly through PayPal—whichever makes you more comfortable. And if you save this painting from spending another year in storage, it gets a happier ending than becoming modern art inside a trash bag. You can also check out My Gallery in case there is anything your interested in.

Apocalyptic Painting
$110 eBay
Free Shipping!


Lifeguarding, Fitness Tests and Fitness Ability

(Illustrative Only)
Not the muscle but
do have the dog. 

Recently, I decided to try out for lifeguarding. Since I do some part-time volunteer firefighting, I thought it would be interesting to see if I could pass the lifeguard qualification test as well.

Before you can even enroll in the class, you have to pass a swimming skills assessment. Let me tell you—it is not easy. Many people assume it is, but after taking the test, I can see why there are more younger lifeguards than older ones.

The assessment begins with multiple laps swimming back and forth. After that, you must tread water for about two minutes without using your hands. Then it's back to more swimming. Next, you have to dive to the bottom of the pool, retrieve a weighted object, bring it to the surface, and swim it back within a specified time limit. I completed that portion with about 10 seconds to spare.

By the end, I was definitely winded. I remember asking whether everyone felt that way or if I was simply out of shape. The instructors smirked and said that everyone is tired after completing it. That's just the nature of the test.

The experience showed me that becoming a lifeguard requires a solid level of fitness, endurance, and determination. The screening process ensures that candidates can meet the physical demands of the job before investing time and resources into the full certification course.

Physical Fitness of Water Lifeguards and the Structure of a Classical Rescue Operation

  • The study examined whether standard physical fitness tests accurately predict a lifeguard’s ability to perform a realistic water rescue operation. Researchers evaluated 100 certified lifeguards using swimming and fitness assessments alongside a rescue-specific simulation test.
  • General fitness was measured through a 400-meter freestyle swim and selected EUROFIT tests assessing flexibility, strength, endurance, explosive power, and agility.
  • Researchers developed a comprehensive rescue simulation that included land-based activities, swimming to a victim, victim control and towing, evacuation to shore, and a final physical effort component.
  • Although most participants achieved satisfactory scores on traditional fitness and swimming tests, average performance on the rescue simulation exceeded accepted time standards, suggesting a gap between general fitness and operational readiness.
  • The findings indicate that general fitness tests alone are insufficient for evaluating rescue preparedness. The authors recommend incorporating task-specific rescue assessments into lifeguard training and certification programs to better reflect real-world rescue demands.

Kowalski, D., Skalski, D. W., Tsyhanovska, N., Grygus, I., & Sydorko, O. (2025). Physical fitness of water lifeguards and the structure of a classical rescue operation. Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport, 29(4 Supplement), s56–s64. https://doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2025-4S.07

Physical Fitness Across the Lifespan: Insights from Military Lifeguards

  • This study examined the physical fitness characteristics of 99 active-duty male military beach lifeguards in Brazil and compared performance across three age groups: 20–29, 30–39, and 40–49 years.
  • Younger lifeguards (20–29 and 30–39 years) demonstrated significantly better performance in measures of lower-body power, sprint speed, agility, and anaerobic running ability than the 40–49 age group.
  • Body fat percentage increased with age, and older lifeguards generally exhibited lower physical performance in tasks related to rescue readiness.
  • Handgrip strength did not differ significantly between age groups, suggesting that some aspects of strength may be maintained despite age-related declines in other fitness measures.
  • The authors recommend using squat jumps, countermovement jumps, 20-meter sprint tests, zigzag agility tests, and running anaerobic sprint tests as practical screening tools for assessing lifeguard fitness and operational readiness. They also suggest individualized training programs to help offset age-related declines in performance.

de Oliveira, F., Corrêa Neto, V. G., de Mello, R. C. F., & Miranda, H. (2024). Physical fitness profile of military lifeguards. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2023-1123

Delta County Board of Commissioners Meeting (6/2/2026): The Fun and the Mundane

(Illustrative Only)
Below is a summary of the discussions, ideas, and initiatives taking place throughout the county. You will find information on community activities such as farmers markets, local events, parks, fairs, and recreational opportunities, as well as important topics including budgets, audits, wages, training, infrastructure, and economic development.

Both the community-focused and administrative aspects of local government play an important role in maintaining a high quality of life and supporting long-term growth. As the county continues to evolve and pursue new opportunities, staying informed can help residents, businesses, and visitors better understand the direction of the community and the efforts being made to strengthen it for the future.

This is a community that continues to grow, adapt, and develop, so stay tuned for future updates and opportunities to get involved.

Summary of Reports and Actions

1. Administrator’s Report

  • Farmers Markets & Local Events: Updates on opening dates and hours for the Gladstone, Rapid River, and Escanaba farmers markets, as well as the "Lunch on Ludington" events and the bookmobile schedule.

  • Conference Attendance: The Administrator attended the annual Michigan County Administrator Conference, focusing on property tax reform bills and cybersecurity cost-saving strategies.

  • Upcoming Training: Highlighted an upcoming Michigan State Extension midterm refresher for county commissioners on June 10th.

  • County Parks: Announced that all county parks, including those with campgrounds (like Obie Fuller Park), are fully open to the general public.

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to place the report on file.

2. Finance Committee Minutes (May 21, 2026)

  • The bulk of the meeting's topics were deferred to be discussed under individual agenda items later in the meeting.

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to place the minutes on file.

3. Personnel Committee Minutes (May 29, 2026)

  • The committee met to review upcoming personnel policy updates.

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to place the minutes on file.

4. Departmental Updates (Parks and Recreation)

  • Pioneer Trail Park: New pavilion signage has been completed by the Gladstone School Shop. The dog run is officially open, and efforts are underway to secure a kayak launch and automated kiosk. Research is also being conducted into installing communication boards for non-verbal individuals.

  • Obie Fuller Park: Three new lake sites and the new playground are open. Newly placed cabins are wired for electricity and already booked for the weekend.

  • Action Taken: No formal vote required; information only.

5. Payment of the Bills

  • Action Taken: Motion passed via roll-call vote to approve the grand total of bills amounting to $1,974,110.86.

6. MDOT Consent to Grade (Fairgrounds Easement)

  • Discussion regarding a requested easement from MDOT near the Chamber of Commerce building corner for a turn radius expansion, valued at $2,400. Commissioners raised questions about communicating directly with county administration and requested clarification on an expired contract date.

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to table the matter until the next meeting.

7. Request to Fill Positions

  • Corrections Officer: Action Taken: Motion passed to ratify the sheriff's request to fill a vacancy due to a resignation.

  • Dispatch Position: Action Taken: Motion passed to approve filling a current opening.

8. Board Appointment

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to appoint Jill Johnson to the Pathways Board.

9. IT General Controls Audit Policies

  • Review of recommended policies from the Fiscal Year 2024 audit, which were amended and approved by the IT committee.

  • Action Taken: Motion passed to approve and adopt the IT general controls policies into Section 10 of the policy and procedure manual.

10. Single Specialized Regional Mental Health Authority

  • Discussion surrounding Senator McBroom's proposed Senate bill to unify all six Community Mental Health Authorities (CMHAs) in the Upper Peninsula. A correction was noted regarding the restrictive use of opioid funding, stating it can potentially be used for inpatient consortiums.

  • Action Taken: No voting required (information only); Commissioner Williams agreed to take the lead on contacting MAC for clarification.

11. Department Head Wage Adjustments

  • The Finance Committee reviewed supervisory wage compression gaps.

    • Building & Zoning Director / Controller: Proposed closing a 10% subordinate wage gap incrementally.

    • Director of Maintenance & Housekeeping: Proposed adjustment based on specialized electrical, plumbing, and HVAC certifications saving the county contracting costs.

  • Action Taken: Meeting transcript cuts off during the motion formulation for the Building and Zoning Director's salary.

Any discussion?

Yes, there was notable discussion surrounding:

  1. The MDOT Easement: Commissioners questioned why MDOT bypassed county administration and went straight to the fairgrounds. There was also concern regarding an expiration date listed on the paperwork, leading to the item being tabled.

  2. Opioid Fund Usage: Under the Mental Health report, it was debated whether regional county consortiums could legally leverage opioid settlement funds to establish inpatient psychiatric resources.

  3. Wage Adjustments: Commissioners debated the exact wording and timeframe (Fiscal Year 2027 vs. 2028) of the Finance Committee's incremental 5% wage recommendations before the transcript cuts off.

All in favor?

For items 1 through 9 (excluding the tabled MDOT easement), motions were made, supported, and passed unanimously ("Aye") by the board. The bills were approved explicitly via a unanimous roll-call vote. Wage adjustments (Item 11) did not reach a final vote before the text concluded.

Revitalizing Michigan Small Towns: Escanaba As an Example

As the downtown 
develops and is 
recreated now might 
be the time to jump 
in and buy a building
or launch a venture. 

If it looks anything like
what it looks like
down by Ludington Park
it is going to be 
beautiful!
This 2022 article discusses several ways Michigan small towns can strengthen and diversify their economies through strategies such as placemaking, agritourism, public library partnerships, and community-based economic development.

A while back, we had a discussion in Escanaba about the importance of our public libraries. Community members strongly supported preserving library services, hours, and programs. That support demonstrates that libraries are valued local institutions. While libraries can and should maximize their impact through partnerships, workforce development, and entrepreneurial resources, they are only one component of a broader economic development strategy.

When thinking about Escanaba's future, it may be more useful to focus on building an entrepreneurial hub that complements the area's existing strengths. We already have several anchor industries, including metal stamping, ship repair, wood products manufacturing, healthcare, and other established employers. At the same time, our downtown is undergoing redevelopment, creating an opportunity to attract new businesses, residents, and investment.

Escanaba also benefits from a strong tourism and recreation economy. Visitors and residents alike enjoy beautiful parks, beaches, hiking trails, boating opportunities, and access to Lake Michigan. The Escanaba Yacht Club and local sailing community provide additional recreational opportunities that help make the area attractive to both visitors and potential new residents.

If you are launching a venture
why not invest in places
in which you can enjoy
your life and 
has outdoor recreation. 

One idea worth exploring is encouraging small-scale manufacturing and artisan businesses that both produce goods and offer a visitor experience. Imagine a company that designs and builds custom golf clubs. Customers could visit the workshop, learn about the process, and purchase products made locally. Similar opportunities might exist for custom fishing lures, woodworking products, outdoor gear, specialty foods, marine products, or other niche items. These businesses do not necessarily require large workforces, but they do require skilled labor, creativity, and entrepreneurship.

The advantage of this model is that it serves multiple markets simultaneously. Local residents become customers. Tourists gain a unique attraction to visit. At the same time, the business can develop a brand and sell products nationally or internationally, bringing new dollars into the local economy. 

Economic Development Strategies for Michigan Small Towns: How Placemaking, Agritourism, and Public Libraries Can Stimulate Local Economies

The article examines how Michigan’s small towns can strengthen and diversify their economies through placemaking, agritourism, and public library partnerships, reducing dependence on a single economic sector.

  • Placemaking initiatives, including zoning reforms, mixed-use development, walkable downtowns, and façade improvement programs, can increase community engagement, property values, business activity, and overall economic vitality.
  • Agritourism provides additional revenue streams for farms while supporting local employment, preserving agricultural land, and attracting visitors through activities such as farm markets, wineries, petting farms, and seasonal events.
  • Public libraries contribute to economic development by offering workforce training, digital literacy programs, business resources, entrepreneurial support, and partnerships with educational institutions and community organizations.
  • Michigan case studies from Holland, Petoskey, Negaunee, Gladwin County, and Acme Township demonstrate that combining multiple development strategies creates more resilient, self-sustaining, and diversified local economies.

Davenport, N. (2022). Economic development strategies for Michigan small towns: How placemaking, agritourism, and public libraries can stimulate small-town Michigan economies. SPNHA Review, 18(1), Article 6. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/spnhareview/vol18/iss1/6

Wednesday, June 10, 2026

Escanaba Yacht Club Races (June 10th, 2026): How Sailing Improves Well Being from a Psychologist's Perspective

Let us further the discussion about the quality of life in Escanaba, Michigan, and why people should consider investing in the area, starting businesses, visiting, or taking a vacation here. Plenty of recreation and lots of good people. 

One of Escanaba's greatest assets is its connection to Lake Michigan and its vibrant sailing community. The Escanaba Yacht Club has been a fixture of the harbor for many years and is supported by a dedicated group of sailors who gather each week for Wednesday night racing. These events are about much more than competition—they bring people together, create friendships, and strengthen the sense of community that makes Escanaba such a special place to live and visit.

The harbor itself is one of the area's hidden gems. Visitors from outside the region regularly stop in to enjoy its beauty and convenience. Located just a short walk from downtown, the harbor offers exceptionally clean facilities, well-maintained grounds, and access to bicycles through the harbormaster's office. The surrounding park features beaches, a beach house, fishing opportunities, and plenty of scenic spots to relax and enjoy the waterfront.

This week, we headed out for an evening sail. The weather kept things interesting, with periods of rain and a few passing storms. Fortunately, temperatures remained warm, making for an enjoyable experience despite the changing conditions. The wind was inconsistent throughout the race—at times pushing us along nicely and at other times leaving us moving at a leisurely pace.

Although our boat did not take first place, the vessel Lucile earned the win for the evening. The course began near the harbor, circled the Eight Buoy, passed the Wreck Buoy (there is a ship wrech there, rounded the floating lighthouse, and returned to the finish. It was a challenging and enjoyable race that kept everyone engaged from start to finish.One of the highlights of the evening was the crew. Everyone brought experience and knew their role. We worked the sails hard, communicated well, and enjoyed a great evening on the water.

If you have never watched the Wednesday night races, consider coming down to the harbor. Racing typically begins around 7:00 p.m. A great viewing location is near the mouth of the harbor, just past the yacht club, where spectators can watch the boats compete while enjoying the waterfront scenery.

For those interested in becoming more involved, the Escanaba Yacht Club offers affordable membership options, and many reciprocal arrangements exist with other yacht clubs. Whether you are an experienced sailor or simply curious about the sport, it is a welcoming community worth exploring.

We look forward to getting back on the water next week for another evening of racing and camaraderie. Experiences like these are part of what makes Escanaba such a wonderful place to live, visit, and invest in.

Escanaba Yacht Club and Escanaba Marina

Why Sailing May Improve Well-Being: A Psychologist’s Perspective

  • The article argues that sailing promotes psychological well-being by placing individuals in a natural environment that encourages mindfulness, focus, and engagement with the present moment.
  • Sailing requires problem-solving, adaptability, and decision-making, helping individuals build confidence, resilience, and a stronger sense of self-efficacy.
  • Time spent on the water often reduces exposure to everyday stressors, allowing people to disconnect from routine pressures and experience mental restoration.
  • The activity combines physical movement, fresh air, and interaction with nature, factors that are frequently associated with improved mood and overall health.
  • Sailing can create meaningful experiences through adventure, teamwork, and a sense of purpose, all of which contribute to greater life satisfaction and personal growth.

Maccione, M. (2022, September 29). Those who sail live better: Psychologist explains why. Giornale della Vela. https://www.giornaledellavela.com/2022/09/29/those-who-sail-live-better-psychologist-explains-why/?lang=en

Redefining Giftedness: Beyond the Classroom and Into Adulthood

 When we think of "giftedness," we usually picture children. Because the opportunity for evaluation typically happens under the age of 18 while people are still in school, we tend to view giftedness strictly through an academic lens. This limited focus comes with heavy criticism—most notably that it fails to provide a full evaluation of a person’s potential and often restricts access to gifted programs for minority students.

But what happens when we move beyond the classroom? How does giftedness look across the adult lifespan?

The Lifespan Continuum: Humans, Animals, and the Bell Curve

While people often debate whether giftedness is a quantitative or qualitative trait, recent research suggests it is largely an extension of the normal population. We see this across the natural world—even among animals, intelligence exists on a spectrum. Some are naturally sharper, some less so, but most simply fall within the middle of the bell curve.

Being gifted doesn't mean someone belongs to a different species or possesses a uniquely separate type of mind. They are simply at the upper tail of a continuous distribution.

The Cost of Innovation

Because gifted individuals exist in that upper range, they naturally see patterns, make connections, and form thoughts that the broader population might not easily understand or accept.

Society is heavily normalized and socialized around specific social perceptions and norms. Most people don't question these perceptions. Those who do—the outliers who challenge the status quo—often face social friction and pushback for doing so. At the detriment for the long term health of a nation where new ideas become limited to certain circles.

Yet, history shows that society directly benefits from these outliers. Gifted individuals drive progress because they:

  • Learn and adapt at an accelerated pace

  • Synthesize completely new ideas and connections

  • Fuel breakthroughs in academia, technological innovation, and business

Maximizing Human Potential

Understanding that giftedness persists throughout adulthood helps us reframe how we support high-potential individuals. By recognizing how these traits function across a lifespan, we can better create environments that maximize their contributions.

Ultimately, innovation relies on a pairing of traits: identifying those who hold this high cognitive potential, and supporting them when they have the grit to show up day in and day out to achieve their goals.

Intellectual giftedness in adult lifespan: just a dimensional account or are there areas especially sensitive to high potential?

  • This study evaluates whether intellectual giftedness across the adult lifespan (ages 16 to 90) is best understood as a distinct, categorical condition or simply as the extreme upper tail of a continuous, dimensional population distribution.

  • Analyzing data from 111 intellectually gifted individuals within a larger Italian standardization sample of 2,173 participants, the researchers tracked cognitive profiles using five broad Cattell-Horn-Carroll abilities from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th Edition.

  • The results strongly support a dimensional account of giftedness, with taxometric analyses confirming that high intellectual potential is a quantitative extension of normal population variance rather than a separate clinical or qualitative category.

  • Consistent with the cognitive de-differentiation hypothesis of aging, older adults demonstrated an increase in the general factor of intelligence loadings and a rise in mean correlations among subtests, causing the cognitive profiles of gifted individuals to become more uniform as they age.

  • While Monte Carlo simulations closely predicted the observed profiles of younger gifted individuals, a notable exception emerged after age 50, where gifted older adults scored higher in visual processing than a purely dimensional model predicted, suggesting visual elaboration is uniquely sensitive to high potential in older age.

Toffalini, E., Borella, E., Pezzuti, L., Dawe, J., & Cornoldi, C. (2025). Intellectual giftedness in adult lifespan: just a dimensional account or are there areas especially sensitive to high potential? Personality and Individual Differences, 236, Article 113274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113274